Given the heterogeneity of the included studies, a descriptive synthesis of the included studies was undertaken. Quality assessment was done using Mixed Methods Appraisal Tools (MMAT) version 2018 to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. Inclusion criteria include the article being full text, published from the year 2016 until 2020 and provided via open access resource or subscribed to by the institution. Retrieved citations were screened, and the data were extracted based on strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Tobacco addiction and alcohol abuse were excluded in this review. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was adopted for the review which utilized three main journal databases, namely PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Web of Science. Hence, this systematic review aimed to determine the risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents worldwide.
Factors for drug abuse include a variety of protective and risk factors. Drug usage typically begins during adolescence.
Drug abuse is detrimental, and excessive drug usage is a worldwide problem.
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